Ch 44 – Osmoregulation and Excretion
1. What is the overall function of the excretory system?
2. What is osmoregulation?
3. Briefly describe the challenge that each of these animals face when it comes to osmoregulation: marine animals, freshwater animals, land animals.
4. Define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion.
5. What are the major structures of the mammalian excretory system? Name the 2 blood vessels, the 2 regions of the kidney, and the 4 structures through which urine travels after it is formed in the kidney. Be able to identify the location of each, as in figure 44.13 parts a and b.
6. What is a nephron?
7. Choose one example of a hormone or system of hormones that acts on the excretory system, and briefly describe how it works.
** Although questions 5-7 refer to mammalian systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - include a bit about these in your notes.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Basic Info for Ch 43
Ch 43 – The Immune System
** This is probably the most difficult chapter in the summer assignment - do the best you can, and make a note of any questions you have or sections that are particularly confusing.
1. What is the overall function of the immune system?
2. Name and briefly describe the components of innate immunity.
3. What is an antigen?
4. What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
5. Describe the function of each of the following components of acquired immunity: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, memory cells
6. Describe what happens in each of the following situations, as it relates to the immune system: vaccination, allergies, autoimmune disease, AIDS
** This is probably the most difficult chapter in the summer assignment - do the best you can, and make a note of any questions you have or sections that are particularly confusing.
1. What is the overall function of the immune system?
2. Name and briefly describe the components of innate immunity.
3. What is an antigen?
4. What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
5. Describe the function of each of the following components of acquired immunity: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, memory cells
6. Describe what happens in each of the following situations, as it relates to the immune system: vaccination, allergies, autoimmune disease, AIDS
Basic Info for Ch 42
Ch 42 – Circulation and Gas Exchange
** The questions below refer to mammalian systems (remember, these are basic info questions). The systems and adaptations of other animal groups are also discussed in this chapter - don't overlook these in your reading and note-taking.
1. What is the overall function of the circulatory system? The respiratory system? Why are they so closely connected?
2. What are the main types of blood vessels, and what are their functions?
3. Be able to label the structures of the heart on a diagram, like figure 42.6.
4. Describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location.
Here is a suggestion for help with this question! -
Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to chapter 42. Under section 42.3, click on “Activity: Path of Blood Flow in Mammals.” Watch part 1. Now, watch it again (it goes by fast!). Then, click on “next” (upper right), follow the directions, and test yourself on the path of blood flow. Use your book for help (figures 42.5 and 42.6). Finally, go back and click on “Activity: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Function.” Again, follow the directions and answer the questions. ** Your goal with these activities is to be able to describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location. Take notes on whatever is helpful to you. **
5. What is the lymphatic system, and what is its function?
6. What are the components of blood, and what are their functions?
7. How is oxygen transported in the blood?
8. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
9. Name the structures of the respiratory system. Give the structures in the order that oxygen travels through them, from when it enters the body to when it reaches the bloodstream.
** The questions below refer to mammalian systems (remember, these are basic info questions). The systems and adaptations of other animal groups are also discussed in this chapter - don't overlook these in your reading and note-taking.
1. What is the overall function of the circulatory system? The respiratory system? Why are they so closely connected?
2. What are the main types of blood vessels, and what are their functions?
3. Be able to label the structures of the heart on a diagram, like figure 42.6.
4. Describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location.
Here is a suggestion for help with this question! -
Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to chapter 42. Under section 42.3, click on “Activity: Path of Blood Flow in Mammals.” Watch part 1. Now, watch it again (it goes by fast!). Then, click on “next” (upper right), follow the directions, and test yourself on the path of blood flow. Use your book for help (figures 42.5 and 42.6). Finally, go back and click on “Activity: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Function.” Again, follow the directions and answer the questions. ** Your goal with these activities is to be able to describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location. Take notes on whatever is helpful to you. **
5. What is the lymphatic system, and what is its function?
6. What are the components of blood, and what are their functions?
7. How is oxygen transported in the blood?
8. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
9. Name the structures of the respiratory system. Give the structures in the order that oxygen travels through them, from when it enters the body to when it reaches the bloodstream.
Basic Info for Ch 41
Ch 41 – Animal Nutrition
* Do not skimp on the answers to these questions – some will require a substantial amount of info.
1. What is the overall function of the digestive system?
2. What are the main categories of raw materials that must be supplied by an animal’s diet?
3. What are the major compartments of the digestive tract (alimentary canal) through which food passes and is processed?
4. What is the function of (what is happening in) each compartment?
5. Which digestive substances (enzymes and other chemicals) are active in each compartment, and what is the function of each substance?
6. Where is each of these substances produced?
7. Define the processes of ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination. Be able to identify where in the system each one is occurring.
* Do not skimp on the answers to these questions – some will require a substantial amount of info.
1. What is the overall function of the digestive system?
2. What are the main categories of raw materials that must be supplied by an animal’s diet?
3. What are the major compartments of the digestive tract (alimentary canal) through which food passes and is processed?
4. What is the function of (what is happening in) each compartment?
5. Which digestive substances (enzymes and other chemicals) are active in each compartment, and what is the function of each substance?
6. Where is each of these substances produced?
7. Define the processes of ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination. Be able to identify where in the system each one is occurring.
Basic Info for Ch 40
Ch 40 – Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
1. What body features are important for exchanging energy and materials with the environment?
2. What are the four types of tissues and their functions?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Describe two examples of homeostasis.
5. What is positive feedback? What is negative feedback?
6. Describe one example of each type of feedback.
7. What is countercurrent exchange? Include a simple diagram of countercurrent exchange.
8. Name one group of animals that consists of endotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the endothermic lifestyle. [Note: the adaptation can be structural, physiological or behavioral.]
9. Name one group of animals that consists of ectotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the ectothermic lifestyle. [Same note as for #7.]
1. What body features are important for exchanging energy and materials with the environment?
2. What are the four types of tissues and their functions?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Describe two examples of homeostasis.
5. What is positive feedback? What is negative feedback?
6. Describe one example of each type of feedback.
7. What is countercurrent exchange? Include a simple diagram of countercurrent exchange.
8. Name one group of animals that consists of endotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the endothermic lifestyle. [Note: the adaptation can be structural, physiological or behavioral.]
9. Name one group of animals that consists of ectotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the ectothermic lifestyle. [Same note as for #7.]
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