** Apologies for the order of these posts - after Ch 2, you should start with Ch 40 and go in order through 49. **
Ch 49 – Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
1. What are sensory receptors?
2. How do reception, sensation, and perception differ?
3. What are the 5 types of sensory receptors, where are they located, and what is the function of each?
4. What are the 3 types of muscle found in vertebrates? What is the function of each?
5. You need to know how muscle contraction happens! Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , Ch 50. Under concept 50.5, view the Bioflix animation on Muscle Contraction. Take notes. Include the roles of the following: muscle fiber, myofibrils, ER, thin filaments, thick filaments, actin, myosin, sarcomeres, calcium ions, ATP
6. Explain what is meant by the “sliding-filament model.”
Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Tuesday, August 3, 2010
Basic Info for Ch 48
Ch 48 - Nervous Systems
**Note: Neurons are one of the two types of specialized cells that are present in most animals but are not seen in other multicellular organisms (muscle cells are the other).
1. Describe the path that information travels through the nervous system, from the point of sense of a stimulus to the point of response in a muscle or endocrine cell. Be sure to include the types of neurons and what role each plays.
2. Label the diagram of a neuron below (click on it to enlarge).
3. Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted along a neuron. To answer this question, make a list of steps that describe the process. There is a lot of info to boil down; do the best you can. For help, go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , Ch 48. Under concept 48.3, there is an animation on how neurons work! (click on the Bioflix link)
4. Describe what happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron. For help, go to the Bioflix link under 48.4 – How Synapses Work.
5. Name two neurotransmitters and describe their functions.
6. Make yourself one of the following: an outline, a table or a diagram. Include the major parts of the vertebrate nervous system AND their functions. You must also understand how the parts fit together.
To ensure a complete answer, please include: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, brain, spinal cord, motor (also called somatic) nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, enteric division.
7. Pick one of the following to answer:
Provide an example of a situation in which two of the above parts of the nervous system work together, and explain what function each one would serve and how the parts work together.
OR
Provide two contrasting examples – two situations, one in which one part of the nervous system is active, and another in which a different part of the nervous system is active. Describe the function of each part in each situation.
8. Make yourself a simple sketch of the brain (see textbook for help). Label it with the following major parts AND one important function of each: brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum.
9. Explain what a reflex is and how it works (see section 48.1 and fig 48.4). Include the important neurons and parts of the nervous system. What is the major difference between the path of a reflex and the path of all other information traveling in the nervous system (as you described in question #1)?
** Although questions 6-9 refer to vertebrate nervous systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - see section 48.1.
**Note: Neurons are one of the two types of specialized cells that are present in most animals but are not seen in other multicellular organisms (muscle cells are the other).
1. Describe the path that information travels through the nervous system, from the point of sense of a stimulus to the point of response in a muscle or endocrine cell. Be sure to include the types of neurons and what role each plays.
2. Label the diagram of a neuron below (click on it to enlarge).
3. Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted along a neuron. To answer this question, make a list of steps that describe the process. There is a lot of info to boil down; do the best you can. For help, go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , Ch 48. Under concept 48.3, there is an animation on how neurons work! (click on the Bioflix link)
4. Describe what happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron. For help, go to the Bioflix link under 48.4 – How Synapses Work.
5. Name two neurotransmitters and describe their functions.
6. Make yourself one of the following: an outline, a table or a diagram. Include the major parts of the vertebrate nervous system AND their functions. You must also understand how the parts fit together.
To ensure a complete answer, please include: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, brain, spinal cord, motor (also called somatic) nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, enteric division.
7. Pick one of the following to answer:
Provide an example of a situation in which two of the above parts of the nervous system work together, and explain what function each one would serve and how the parts work together.
OR
Provide two contrasting examples – two situations, one in which one part of the nervous system is active, and another in which a different part of the nervous system is active. Describe the function of each part in each situation.
8. Make yourself a simple sketch of the brain (see textbook for help). Label it with the following major parts AND one important function of each: brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum.
9. Explain what a reflex is and how it works (see section 48.1 and fig 48.4). Include the important neurons and parts of the nervous system. What is the major difference between the path of a reflex and the path of all other information traveling in the nervous system (as you described in question #1)?
** Although questions 6-9 refer to vertebrate nervous systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - see section 48.1.
Basic Info for Ch 47
Ch 47 – Animal Development
**Note: Unlike the questions for other chapters, the questions below focus on animals in general, rather than on humans or mammals specifically. There are some specifics on mammalian development at the end of section 47.1.
1. What is cell differentiation?
2. In fertilization, how does a sperm nucleus end up inside the egg cell? (Hint: read about the acrosomal reaction)
3. Once one sperm fertilizes an egg, how is fertilization by other sperm cells prevented? (Hint: read about the cortical reaction)
4. Label the diagram below (click on it to enlarge) with the following terms: archenteron, blastocoel, blastomere, blastopore, blastula, gastrula, morula, zygote.
5. Using the labeled diagram, describe the steps of animal development, from fertilized egg to adult. Be sure to describe the following processes, and indicate how they are related to the structures you labeled: cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation. Don’t skimp on your answer to this question!
6. There are three germ layers in many animal bodies. Name the three layers. Name two adult structures that develop from each layer (try to pick two that you think are the most important).
If you are having trouble with this chapter, you might try visiting the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and looking at “Activity: Sea Urchin Development” under concept 47.1.
**Note: Unlike the questions for other chapters, the questions below focus on animals in general, rather than on humans or mammals specifically. There are some specifics on mammalian development at the end of section 47.1.
1. What is cell differentiation?
2. In fertilization, how does a sperm nucleus end up inside the egg cell? (Hint: read about the acrosomal reaction)
3. Once one sperm fertilizes an egg, how is fertilization by other sperm cells prevented? (Hint: read about the cortical reaction)
4. Label the diagram below (click on it to enlarge) with the following terms: archenteron, blastocoel, blastomere, blastopore, blastula, gastrula, morula, zygote.
6. There are three germ layers in many animal bodies. Name the three layers. Name two adult structures that develop from each layer (try to pick two that you think are the most important).
If you are having trouble with this chapter, you might try visiting the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and looking at “Activity: Sea Urchin Development” under concept 47.1.
Basic Info for Ch 46
Ch 46 – Animal Reproduction
1. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each (sexual and asexual)?
3. Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to Ch 46. Under concept 46.3, go through “Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Female” and “Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Male”. For both, you should know the structures and their functions. Pay special attention to what substances are produced and what structures produce and transport them. Take notes. [Hopefully this is largely review, but if not, these animations are not easily forgotten!]
4. Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis (figure 46.11 is a big help with this).
5. Connect back to Ch 45! Regulation of the ovarian and menstrual cycles by multiple hormones is an important example to know. Reread section 46.4, and make yourself a table with the female hormones described in the section. In the table, include each hormone, where it is produced, its target(s), its action (effect) at the target, and its regulation (what regulates its production/secretion, in other words, what it is produced or secreted in response to). [The activity on the female reproductive system – question 3 above – also gives details that will be useful.]
6. Connect back to Ch 40 again! Explain how the process of labor, including the role of oxytocin, is an example of positive feedback.
** Although questions 3-6 refer to mammalian (specifically, human) systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - include a bit about these in your notes.
1. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each (sexual and asexual)?
3. Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to Ch 46. Under concept 46.3, go through “Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Female” and “Activity: Reproductive System of the Human Male”. For both, you should know the structures and their functions. Pay special attention to what substances are produced and what structures produce and transport them. Take notes. [Hopefully this is largely review, but if not, these animations are not easily forgotten!]
4. Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis (figure 46.11 is a big help with this).
5. Connect back to Ch 45! Regulation of the ovarian and menstrual cycles by multiple hormones is an important example to know. Reread section 46.4, and make yourself a table with the female hormones described in the section. In the table, include each hormone, where it is produced, its target(s), its action (effect) at the target, and its regulation (what regulates its production/secretion, in other words, what it is produced or secreted in response to). [The activity on the female reproductive system – question 3 above – also gives details that will be useful.]
6. Connect back to Ch 40 again! Explain how the process of labor, including the role of oxytocin, is an example of positive feedback.
** Although questions 3-6 refer to mammalian (specifically, human) systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - include a bit about these in your notes.
Basic Info for Ch 45
Ch 45 – Hormones and the Endocrine System
1. What is a hormone?
2. What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands (refer back to animal nutrition)?
3. When a particular hormone is released, why aren’t all cells in the body affected? (answer is in the overview of the chapter)
4. Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to Ch 45. Under section 45.1, go through “Activity: Peptide Hormone Action” and “Activity: Steroid Hormone Action”. What are the differences in the ways these 2 types of hormones affect cells? (This is also described in section 45.2.)
** In answering the next 3 questions, you should include how these 3 glands interact with each other. **
5. Where is the hypothalamus located? Describe its function.
6. Where is the posterior pituitary located? Describe its function.
7. Where is the anterior pituitary located? Describe its function.
8. For the next 2 questions, we’ll focus on the classic hormone examples of insulin and glucagon. To describe each hormone, include: the gland where it is produced, its target(s), its action (effect) at the target, and its regulation (what regulates its production/secretion, in other words, what it is produced or secreted in response to).
9. Connect back to Ch 40! Explain how the insulin/glucagon pathway is an example of negative feedback.
1. What is a hormone?
2. What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands (refer back to animal nutrition)?
3. When a particular hormone is released, why aren’t all cells in the body affected? (answer is in the overview of the chapter)
4. Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to Ch 45. Under section 45.1, go through “Activity: Peptide Hormone Action” and “Activity: Steroid Hormone Action”. What are the differences in the ways these 2 types of hormones affect cells? (This is also described in section 45.2.)
** In answering the next 3 questions, you should include how these 3 glands interact with each other. **
5. Where is the hypothalamus located? Describe its function.
6. Where is the posterior pituitary located? Describe its function.
7. Where is the anterior pituitary located? Describe its function.
8. For the next 2 questions, we’ll focus on the classic hormone examples of insulin and glucagon. To describe each hormone, include: the gland where it is produced, its target(s), its action (effect) at the target, and its regulation (what regulates its production/secretion, in other words, what it is produced or secreted in response to).
9. Connect back to Ch 40! Explain how the insulin/glucagon pathway is an example of negative feedback.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Basic Info for Ch 44
Ch 44 – Osmoregulation and Excretion
1. What is the overall function of the excretory system?
2. What is osmoregulation?
3. Briefly describe the challenge that each of these animals face when it comes to osmoregulation: marine animals, freshwater animals, land animals.
4. Define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion.
5. What are the major structures of the mammalian excretory system? Name the 2 blood vessels, the 2 regions of the kidney, and the 4 structures through which urine travels after it is formed in the kidney. Be able to identify the location of each, as in figure 44.13 parts a and b.
6. What is a nephron?
7. Choose one example of a hormone or system of hormones that acts on the excretory system, and briefly describe how it works.
** Although questions 5-7 refer to mammalian systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - include a bit about these in your notes.
1. What is the overall function of the excretory system?
2. What is osmoregulation?
3. Briefly describe the challenge that each of these animals face when it comes to osmoregulation: marine animals, freshwater animals, land animals.
4. Define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion.
5. What are the major structures of the mammalian excretory system? Name the 2 blood vessels, the 2 regions of the kidney, and the 4 structures through which urine travels after it is formed in the kidney. Be able to identify the location of each, as in figure 44.13 parts a and b.
6. What is a nephron?
7. Choose one example of a hormone or system of hormones that acts on the excretory system, and briefly describe how it works.
** Although questions 5-7 refer to mammalian systems, don't overlook the systems and adaptations of other animal groups also discussed in this chapter - include a bit about these in your notes.
Basic Info for Ch 43
Ch 43 – The Immune System
** This is probably the most difficult chapter in the summer assignment - do the best you can, and make a note of any questions you have or sections that are particularly confusing.
1. What is the overall function of the immune system?
2. Name and briefly describe the components of innate immunity.
3. What is an antigen?
4. What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
5. Describe the function of each of the following components of acquired immunity: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, memory cells
6. Describe what happens in each of the following situations, as it relates to the immune system: vaccination, allergies, autoimmune disease, AIDS
** This is probably the most difficult chapter in the summer assignment - do the best you can, and make a note of any questions you have or sections that are particularly confusing.
1. What is the overall function of the immune system?
2. Name and briefly describe the components of innate immunity.
3. What is an antigen?
4. What is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity?
5. Describe the function of each of the following components of acquired immunity: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, memory cells
6. Describe what happens in each of the following situations, as it relates to the immune system: vaccination, allergies, autoimmune disease, AIDS
Basic Info for Ch 42
Ch 42 – Circulation and Gas Exchange
** The questions below refer to mammalian systems (remember, these are basic info questions). The systems and adaptations of other animal groups are also discussed in this chapter - don't overlook these in your reading and note-taking.
1. What is the overall function of the circulatory system? The respiratory system? Why are they so closely connected?
2. What are the main types of blood vessels, and what are their functions?
3. Be able to label the structures of the heart on a diagram, like figure 42.6.
4. Describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location.
Here is a suggestion for help with this question! -
Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to chapter 42. Under section 42.3, click on “Activity: Path of Blood Flow in Mammals.” Watch part 1. Now, watch it again (it goes by fast!). Then, click on “next” (upper right), follow the directions, and test yourself on the path of blood flow. Use your book for help (figures 42.5 and 42.6). Finally, go back and click on “Activity: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Function.” Again, follow the directions and answer the questions. ** Your goal with these activities is to be able to describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location. Take notes on whatever is helpful to you. **
5. What is the lymphatic system, and what is its function?
6. What are the components of blood, and what are their functions?
7. How is oxygen transported in the blood?
8. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
9. Name the structures of the respiratory system. Give the structures in the order that oxygen travels through them, from when it enters the body to when it reaches the bloodstream.
** The questions below refer to mammalian systems (remember, these are basic info questions). The systems and adaptations of other animal groups are also discussed in this chapter - don't overlook these in your reading and note-taking.
1. What is the overall function of the circulatory system? The respiratory system? Why are they so closely connected?
2. What are the main types of blood vessels, and what are their functions?
3. Be able to label the structures of the heart on a diagram, like figure 42.6.
4. Describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location.
Here is a suggestion for help with this question! -
Go to the textbook website: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8ap/ , and go to chapter 42. Under section 42.3, click on “Activity: Path of Blood Flow in Mammals.” Watch part 1. Now, watch it again (it goes by fast!). Then, click on “next” (upper right), follow the directions, and test yourself on the path of blood flow. Use your book for help (figures 42.5 and 42.6). Finally, go back and click on “Activity: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Function.” Again, follow the directions and answer the questions. ** Your goal with these activities is to be able to describe the path of blood flow and what is happening at each location. Take notes on whatever is helpful to you. **
5. What is the lymphatic system, and what is its function?
6. What are the components of blood, and what are their functions?
7. How is oxygen transported in the blood?
8. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
9. Name the structures of the respiratory system. Give the structures in the order that oxygen travels through them, from when it enters the body to when it reaches the bloodstream.
Basic Info for Ch 41
Ch 41 – Animal Nutrition
* Do not skimp on the answers to these questions – some will require a substantial amount of info.
1. What is the overall function of the digestive system?
2. What are the main categories of raw materials that must be supplied by an animal’s diet?
3. What are the major compartments of the digestive tract (alimentary canal) through which food passes and is processed?
4. What is the function of (what is happening in) each compartment?
5. Which digestive substances (enzymes and other chemicals) are active in each compartment, and what is the function of each substance?
6. Where is each of these substances produced?
7. Define the processes of ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination. Be able to identify where in the system each one is occurring.
* Do not skimp on the answers to these questions – some will require a substantial amount of info.
1. What is the overall function of the digestive system?
2. What are the main categories of raw materials that must be supplied by an animal’s diet?
3. What are the major compartments of the digestive tract (alimentary canal) through which food passes and is processed?
4. What is the function of (what is happening in) each compartment?
5. Which digestive substances (enzymes and other chemicals) are active in each compartment, and what is the function of each substance?
6. Where is each of these substances produced?
7. Define the processes of ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination. Be able to identify where in the system each one is occurring.
Basic Info for Ch 40
Ch 40 – Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
1. What body features are important for exchanging energy and materials with the environment?
2. What are the four types of tissues and their functions?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Describe two examples of homeostasis.
5. What is positive feedback? What is negative feedback?
6. Describe one example of each type of feedback.
7. What is countercurrent exchange? Include a simple diagram of countercurrent exchange.
8. Name one group of animals that consists of endotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the endothermic lifestyle. [Note: the adaptation can be structural, physiological or behavioral.]
9. Name one group of animals that consists of ectotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the ectothermic lifestyle. [Same note as for #7.]
1. What body features are important for exchanging energy and materials with the environment?
2. What are the four types of tissues and their functions?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Describe two examples of homeostasis.
5. What is positive feedback? What is negative feedback?
6. Describe one example of each type of feedback.
7. What is countercurrent exchange? Include a simple diagram of countercurrent exchange.
8. Name one group of animals that consists of endotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the endothermic lifestyle. [Note: the adaptation can be structural, physiological or behavioral.]
9. Name one group of animals that consists of ectotherms and one adaptation of the group that enables the ectothermic lifestyle. [Same note as for #7.]
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